Mikroplastik Ada di Jantung hingga Otak

Mikroplastik Ada di Jantung hingga Otak, Masuk via Air Minum

20 September 2023 09:30

Kandungan mikroplastik di air minum ternyata bisa masuk ke jantung hingga otak. Hal ini diketahui berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan para ilmuwan tentang dampak mikroplastik terhadap kesehatan.

Studi tersebut menemukan beberapa hasil awal yang bikin ngeri dalam percobaan yang dilakukan pada tikus.

Tikus tua dan muda diuji dengan meminum air dengan kandungan plastik mikroskopis yang tersuspensi selama tiga minggu. Para peneliti di Universitas Rhodes Island menemukan jejak polutan telah terakumulasi di setiap organ tubuh mamalia kecil tersebut, bahkan di otak.

Kehadiran mikroplastik ini juga dibarengi dengan perubahan perilaku seperti demensia pada manusia, serta perubahan penanda imun di hati dan otak.

"Bagi kami, ini sangat mengejutkan. Ini bukan mikroplastik dosis tinggi. Namun hanya dalam waktu singkat, kami melihat perubahannya," jelas ahli saraf Jaime Ross, dikutip dari Science Alert, Selasa (19/9/2023).

"Tidak ada yang benar-benar memahami siklus hidup mikroplastik ini di dalam tubuh, jadi salah satu hal yang ingin kami jawab adalah pertanyaan tentang apa yang terjadi seiring bertambahnya usia,"

"Apakah Anda lebih rentan terhadap peradangan sistemik dari mikroplastik ini seiring bertambahnya usia? menghilangkannya dengan mudah? Apakah sel-sel Anda memberikan respons yang berbeda terhadap racun-racun ini?"

Hasilnya mungkin tidak dapat diterapkan secara langsung pada manusia, tetapi penelitian yang melibatkan model hewan seperti ini adalah langkah awal yang penting dalam penelitian klinis selanjutnya.

Baru-baru ini, para ilmuwan menemukan mikroplastik bersembunyi di usus manusia, beredar di aliran darah, berkumpul di paru-paru, dan merembes ke plasenta.

Pada tahun 2021, para ahli toksikologi memperingatkan bahwa penelitian di masa depan perlu segera mengungkap pengaruh polutan ini terhadap kesehatan manusia, terutama karena paparannya kini hampir mustahil untuk dihindari.

Beberapa tikus juga diberi air minum biasa sebagai kontrol.

Selama uji coba tiga minggu, perilaku tikus dinilai secara teratur selama uji lapangan terbuka yang mendorong perilaku eksplorasi. Mereka juga melakukan tes preferensi terang-gelap, yang didasarkan pada keengganan alami hewan pengerat terhadap area yang terang benderang.

Dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang dikontrol, tikus yang meminum air yang terkontaminasi mikroplastik selama tiga minggu menunjukkan perubahan perilaku yang signifikan. Perubahan terjadi terlihat terutama pada tikus yang lebih tua.

Pada akhir tiga minggu, partikel mikroplastik berpendar merah ditemukan di setiap jenis jaringan yang diperiksa tim seperti otak, hati, ginjal, saluran pencernaan, jantung, limpa, dan paru-paru. Plastik juga ada di kotoran dan urin tikus.

Fakta bahwa polutan terdeteksi di luar sistem pencernaan menunjukkan bahwa polutan tersebut mengalami sirkulasi sistemik.

Kehadiran mereka di otak sangat memprihatinkan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa polutan yang berpotensi beracun ini dapat melewati penghalang kekebalan yang memisahkan sistem saraf pusat dari aliran darah tubuh lainnya, sehingga mungkin menyebabkan masalah neurokognitif.

Sumber :

https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20230920075758-37-473918/mikroplastik-ada-di-jantung-hingga-otak-masuk-via-air-minum

Plastic Canisters Poisoned Your Body with Nano Particles

Did you know that all plastic canisters poisoned your body with nano particles, these “tubes” as an polymer synthetic elementaire reach you blood vascular vessels and brains. This is in fact the Fibonacci sequence Toroidal spins as the opposite frequency vibrations waves to reject your Krystal frequency energy. This will cause inflammatory all over your body what gives you itches on your skin and other heavy problems as tiredness and anxious behaviours. Aggressive response to hold you in a flow of low frequency! 

It’s better to take natural glass (Kristal) or copper, clay. 

Humanity underestimated the problem of the way of living in this evil system. Take your responsibility NOW and throw it away as much as possible. Even bottles by the process of solvating by light and moisture will cause the same damage to your body.

Microplastic Fibres were Found Deep in the Lower Lungs

Study finds plastics found in masks present in patients’ lungs

By Amanda Brown Apr 17, 2022  3

Microplastic fibres were found deep in the lower lungs of living human beings in almost every person sampled in a recent UK study.

The study from Great Britain discovered microplastic particles — present in many COVID-19 masks — in the lung tissue of 11 out of 13 patients undergoing surgery.

Polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most prevalent substances present in the lungs.

The microscopic plastic fragments and fibres were discovered by scientists at Hull York Medical School in the UK. Some of the filaments were two millimetres long in patients undergoing surgery whose lung tissue they sampled.

The plastic dust and microscopic debris comprises the same plastics used to manufacture the ubiquitous surgical masks worn by hundreds of millions of people around the world as mandated by governments in an attempt to halt the spread of COVID-19.

The material most commonly used to make these masks is PP — PP fabric is made from a “thermoplastic” polymer, meaning that it’s easy to work with and shape at high temperatures.

Blue surgical masks can also be made of polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, or polyester, all of which are types of fabrics derived from thermoplastic polymers.

Disposable blue masks are to be found littering almost every city street in the developed world after two years of COVID-19 mandates ruled that masks should be worn in most indoor environments much of the time. Healthy adults, children, the immunocompromised, and the elderly have all been subject to mask mandates.

Microplastics were detected in human blood for the first time in March, showing the particles can travel around the human body and may become embedded in organs. The impact on health is still to be determined.

Researchers are concerned because microplastics cause damage to human cells in the laboratory and air pollution particles are already known to enter the body and cause millions of premature deaths each year.

Mask under a microscope. Image courtesy E.P. Vicenzi/Smithsonian’s Museum Conservation Institute and NIST

“Airborne microplastics (MPs) have been sampled globally, and their concentration is known to increase in areas of high human population and activity, especially indoors. Respiratory symptoms and disease following exposure to occupational levels of MPs within industry settings have also been reported,” the UK study said. “In total, 39 MPs were identified within 11 of the 13 lung tissue samples… These results support inhalation as a route of exposure for environmental MPs, and this characterization of types and levels can now inform realistic conditions for laboratory exposure experiments, with the aim of determining health impacts.”

“We did not expect to find the highest number of particles in the lower regions of the lungs, or particles of the sizes we found,” said Laura Sadofsky, at Hull York Medical School in the UK, a senior author of the study. “It is surprising as the airways are smaller in the lower parts of the lungs and we would have expected particles of these sizes to be filtered out or trapped before getting this deep.”

“This data provides an important advance in the field of air pollution, microplastics, and human health,” she said.

The research used samples of healthy lung tissue from next to the lung region targeted for surgery. It analyzed particles as small as .003mm in size and used spectroscopy to identify plastic types.

It also used control samples to account for the level of background contamination. The study has been accepted for publication by the journal Science of the Total Environment.

An older study published in 2020 looked into the risks associated with mask-wearing and the inhalation of microplastics. The study concluded:

• Wearing masks poses microplastic inhalation risk, reusing masks increases the risk

• Wearing N95 masks poses lowest microplastic inhalation risks in the long term

• Wearing masks, except for N95, poses higher stripe-type microplastic inhalation risk

• Wearing masks poses considerably lower spherical-type microplastic inhalation risk

• Wearing masks leads to lower gross microplastic inhalation risk in the long term

“Surgical, cotton, fashion, and activated carbon masks wearing pose higher fibre-like microplastic inhalation risk, while all masks generally reduced exposure when used under their supposed time (<4 h),” the study said.

Chris Schaefer is a respirator specialist and onsite training expert based in Edmonton, Alta. He has been teaching and conducting respirator fit testing for more than 20 years with his company, SafeCom Training Services Inc. His clients include government departments, Canada’s military, Alberta Health Services, educational institutions, and private industry. Schaefer is a published author and a recognized authority on the subject of respirators and masks.

The Western Standard asked Schaefer if he believed surgical masks of the type used by millions of Canadians, and people throughout the world, presented a significant risk of microplastic inhalation from the masks themselves. He began by clarifying that the face covering generally referred to as a ‘mask’ is not, in fact, a mask, at all.

Schaefer refers to COVID-19 face coverings as “breathing barriers.”

“What has been mandated in hospitals and through the general public through this whole COVID-19 agenda, are not masks. They don’t meet the legal definition [of a mask,] “Shaefer said. “A [proper] mask has engineered breathing openings in front of mouth and nose to ensure easy and effortless breathing. A breathing barrier is closed both over mouth and nose. And by doing that, it captures carbon dioxide that you exhale, forces you to re-inhale it, causing a reduction in your inhaled oxygen levels and causes excessive carbon dioxide. So they’re not safe to wear.”

“As far as whether it could cause somebody to inhale the polypropylene fibres that are used to make this and synthetic polymers that are used to make the filtration of these devices — absolutely. Take a pair of scissors and cut one open. You can see that in between the two main covers that are encapsulating, these loose fibres are breaking away. They’re becoming dislodged from the cover itself, just through normal wear and tear and the agitation of putting it on and taking it off,” Schaefer said.

“The heat and moisture that it captures will cause the degradation of those fibres to break down smaller. Absolutely, people are inhaling [microplastic particles]. I’ve written very extensively on the hazards of these breathing barriers the last two years, I’ve spoken to scientists [and other] people for the last two years about people inhaling the fibres. If you get the sensation that you’ve gotten a little bit of cat hair, or any type of irritation in the back of your throat after wearing them,” said Schrieffer. “That means you’re inhaling the fibres.”

Schaefer said we will have to wait to see the the long-term effects of the inhalation of microplastics from masks.

“So we know that people are inhaling the fibres. What the risks are going to be, what the effects are going to be — it could be anything — but it could definitely cause lung inflammation and could cause full-body inflammation. Absolutely,” Schaefer said.

“This is not normal. Anybody who would normally be exposed to any type of synthetic polymers or polypropylene fibres [in an occupational environment] would have to wear approved respiratory protection. These breathing barriers are not respirators. These fibres break down to between .2 mm, and the large ones are five mm. So they’re totally inhalable, they break down very small and and, well, what that’s going to do to people in the in the form of lung function — as well as toxicity overload in their body — I guess we’ll know in a few years.

Although the latter study assessed the masks’ abilities to filter incoming environmental microplastics, the study did not assess whether particles were shed from the construction of the mask fabric itself on its alternate side — particles that would enter the lungs of a wearer.

Sumber :

https://www.westernstandard.news/features/study-finds-plastics-found-in-masks-present-in-patients-lungs/article_056590f2-0615-5bc9-aab0-730e7704634e.html

Plastic Diminishes the Mind

Yesterday decided to dabble into the lead and copper rule of 1991. This rule focused on reducing the amount of copper and lead in the public water supply.  But this rule never addressed the toxic fluoride, pesticides, or chemical runoff. What is interesting is more than 2/3rd of the country has lead or copper pipes. If it was as toxic as we were told a majority of the population would have been gone long ago. 

Now what is also interesting is how copper benefits the mind while plastic diminishes the mind. 

It makes me wonder if lead and copper (being part of the 7 sacred metals) have something to do with our overall health. Just my thoughts on this topic. What are yours? Do you have lead or copper pipes by you?

Researchers in the Field of Brain Plasticity

When the elderly start to be forgetful, it is usually regarded as the first sign of Alzheimer’s disease or dementia. According to the guidelines issued in 2019 by the World Health Organization (WHO), “getting regular exercise, not smoking, avoiding harmful use of alcohol, controlling one’s weight, eating a healthy diet, and maintaining healthy blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels” apparently helps to reduce the risk of developing dementia. 

This claim is purely hypothetical!

Neurologists argue that Alzheimer’s is an age-related “neurodegenerative disease” that affects the functions of brain cells, whereas brain researchers argue that the memory impairment is caused by brain atrophy or enlarged ventricles. According to Dr. Hamer's findings, a brain atrophy is the result of repetitive scarring processes in the brain due to continuous conflict relapses of any biological conflict. Enlarged ventricles are linked to the choroid plexus and the distress of having difficulties memorizing (“the thoughts don’t flow smoothly”). Hence, it is not the large size of the ventricles that causes dementia, as suggested, but the other way around, namely that the short-term memory loss activates a Biological Special Program that enhances the production of cerebral spinal fluid (in the conflict-active phase) leading, eventually, to an enlargement of the ventricles (see internal hydrocephalus).

In conventional medicine it is assumed that dementia is somehow related to “plaques” in the brain (“Although the cause of Alzheimer's disease is not known (sic!), plaques are often found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's”, (Mayo Clinic). In reality, these “plaques” are calcium deposits that form over time due to constant conflict relapses that interrupt the healing process; here shown on both hemispheres of the (post)sensory cortex, the area of the brain that corresponds, biologically, to separation conflicts. Typical separation conflicts are the death of a life-long spouse, the loss of a partner or friend, little or no contact with the immediate family (children, grandchildren), or having to move to a senior’s or nursing home.

A concurrent Kidney Collecting Tubules Constellation, when abandonment/existence/refugee conflicts and separation conflicts occur together, adds confusion and disorientation to the memory loss. The result is the typical clinical picture of Alzheimer’s disease. Behavioral changes such as belligerence, social withdrawal, or depressed moods indicate further conflicts and additional constellations. 

In 1986, David Snowdon, an epidemiologist at the University of Kentucky, began a research project that became known as the Nun Study (published in 2001). The goal of his investigation was to determine the causes of Alzheimer’s disease by focusing on a group of 678 Catholic sisters who are members of the School Sisters of Notre Dame congregation in Mankato, Minnesota. The participants were between 75 and 107 years of age. The homogeneous lifestyle and environment of the sisters made the nuns an ideal population to study. In addition to assessments of their medical records and regular testing of their physical and cognitive performances, the participants agreed to donate their brain after death for research purposes. The outcome was remarkable! The postmortem examination of the nun’s brains revealed that a significant number were showing pathologies of Alzheimer’s in their brain, even though the sisters never exhibited signs of memory loss during life. Researchers in the field of brain plasticity suggested that the nuns’ mental activities favored the development of new neural networks that eventually assumed the work of the degenerated brain cells. The science of GNM takes a different approach. Based on the findings that every disease is caused by a biological conflict (First Biological Law), the memory decline, as seen in Alzheimer’s patients, does not originate in the brain but instead in the psyche, precisely, from lasting separation conflicts leading over time to dementia.

Mikroplastik Dibalik Kemasan Botol dan Gelas Plastik

Selasa, 9 Mei 2023 13:03 WIB

Kandungan mikroplastik dari hasil penelitian atas tiga merek air mineral dalam kemasan saat diteliti di laboratorium FMIPA-Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Rabu (14/3). Air minum dalam kemasan (AMDK) plastik yang kita minum ternyata mengandung mikroplastik berbahaya. Konsumen menelan butiran plastik tak kasat mata dalam AMDK botol atau gelas plastik yang dikonsumsi sehari-hari.

Hal ini terungkap dari hasil penelitian global yang dilakukan oleh State University of New York at Fredonia dan didukung oleh organisasi media nirlaba di Amerika Serikat, Orb Media. Penelitian ini menguji 259 botol air minum dari 11 merek yang dijual di delapan negara, termasuk air minum yang diproduksi salah satu produsen AMDK di Indonesia. Hasilnya, 93 persen AMDK yang menjadi contoh, ternyata mengandung mikroplastik.

“Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang diambil sampelnya karena memiliki pangsa besar air minum dalam kemasan. Tim peneliti mengambil 30 botol AMDK salah satu produsen dari Jakarta, Bali, dan Medan dan dibawa ke New York pada November 2017 untuk diuji di laboratorium State University of New York at Fredonia,” demikian paparan tim peneliti via publikasi rilis mereka.

Hasilnya sangat mengkhawatirkan, karena setiap botol, rata-rata mengandung 382 mikroplastik partikel per liter. Bahkan, kandungan mikroplastik terbanyak ada dalam 1 sampel botol yang mencapai 4.713 partikel mikroplastik per liter.

“Ukuran mikroplastik yang ditemukan beragam, mulai dari 6,5 mikrometer atau setara sel darah merah, hingga lebih dari 100 mikrometer atau setara dengan diameter rambut manusia,” papar riset tersebut.

Paparan dari banyak temuan hasil riset, kandungan mikroplastik dalam air minum dapat menimbulkan dampak kesehatan yang serius bagi manusia. Ahli toksikologi dari Universitas Indonesia, Budiawan, menyatakan bahwa partikel mikroplastik berukuran sama atau lebih kecil dari sel manusia berpotensi menjadi bahaya, karena dapat diserap dan masuk ke dalam aliran darah.

Selain itu, akumulasi mikroplastik dalam tubuh dapat mengganggu kerja organ vital seperti ginjal dan hati. “Akumulasi terjadi kalau tubuh tidak mengeluarkan partikel asing secara alami lewat ekskresi,” kata Budiawan.

Ahli nutrisi, Tan Shot Yen, juga mengatakan bahwa semakin kecil partikel mikroplastiknya, semakin mudah dan semakin banyak diserap sel. Tan merujuk salah satu penelitian dari Pusat Informasi Bioteknologi Nasional Amerika Serikat tentang dampak partikel itu terhadap plankton di perairan bebas yang telah tercemar.

“Dampak terberatnya adalah gangguan pertumbuhan dan reproduksi. Tentu saja, jika mencetuskan radikal bebas, resiko kanker tidak bisa ditepis,” kata Tan.

Di luar botol plastik, riset terbaru yang dilakukan oleh para peneliti dari Fakultas Kelautan dan Perikanan (FKP), Universitas Hasanuddin (Unhas), Makassar, bekerja sama dengan lembaga FMCG Insights menunjukkan, AMDK gelas plastik ternyata juga paling banyak terkontaminasi mikroplastik.

Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap beberapa merek AMDK dalam berbagai bentuk kemasan, yaitu botol, galon, dan gelas. Dari tiap-tiap merek dan kemasan diambil sampel empat buah.

Hasil penelitian ini kemudian mendapati bahwa hanya ada lima dari total 48 sampel yang tidak terkontaminasi oleh mikroplastik. “Dengan kata lain, ada 89,6 persen sampel AMDK yang terkontaminasi mikroplastik,” kata Khusnul Yaqin, salah satu peneliti utama yang bersama timnya melakukan penelitian dan pengambilan sampel di Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan.

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian timnya, ia mengatakan bahwa mikroplastik yang ditemukan di dalam AMDK bisa juga berasal dari sumber air bakunya atau mikroplastik yang ada di udara pada saat proses pengemasan AMDK.

“Yang menjadi perhatian saat ini adalah keberadaan mikroplastik dalam jumlah besar di badan perairan, yang bisa berakibat fatal bagi biota laut,” kata ahli ekotoksikologi itu. Dengan kata lain, mikroplastik bisa berpengaruh pada rantai pangan yang nantinya masuk dan terakumulasi di dalam tubuh manusia, artinya, bicara mikroplastik tak bisa dilepaskan dari siapa yang paling bertanggungjawab sebagai penyumbang sampah dan mikroplastik terbesar di Indonesia.

Berdasarkan laporan brand audit yang dikeluarkan oleh NGO di bidang lingkungan. AMDK gelas plastik yang paling banyak menyumbangkan sampah di perairan Indonesia. Itu artinya memperbesar kerusakan lingkungan dan memperbesar risiko penyebaran mikroplastik dari konsumsi makanan laut ke tubuh manusia. (*)

Sumber :

https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1723618/mikroplastik-dibalik-kemasan-botol-dan-gelas-plastik

Bukti Bahwa Perubahan Iklim Nyata, Bencana di Mana-mana

Senin, 21 Agu 2023 14:45 WIB

Perubahan iklim adalah sesuatu yang nyata. Hal ini setidaknya terlihat dari bencana alam yang lebih sering terjadi di berbagai negara. Di bulan Agustus saja, kita mendengar bencana banjir di China, Italia, dan India, gelombang pasang di Inggris, dan Prancis, badai di Jepang, Maroko dan Iran, hingga kebakaran dahsyat di Hawaii.

Bukan berarti Indonesia aman-aman saja. Menurut laporan Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), ada 2.216 peristiwa bencana alam di Indonesia selama periode 1 Januari-2 Agustus 2023. Banjir (758 kejadian) dan cuaca ekstrem (731 kejadian) menjadi bencana alam terbanyak yang terjadi di Indonesia dalam periode tersebut.

Siswanto M.Sc, Peneliti Cuaca dan Iklim Ekstrem Badan Meteorologi dan Klimatologi (BMKG), dalam live Eureka! 'Bumi Akhir Zaman' beberapa waktu lalu juga memaparkan sejumlah data dan fakta dampak perubahan iklim di Indonesia.

Juara Satu Dunia, Orang Indonesia Paling Tidak Percaya Global Warming

"Kita tertimpa dampaknya, banjir, longsor, kekeringan, puting beliung yang tidak biasa terjadi di suatu lokasi menjadi biasa, siklon tropis yang tidak pernah terjadi di wilayah Indonesia atau jarang terjadi, sekarang sering muncul," ujarnya menjelaskan berbagai bencana alam yang merupakan dampak perubahan iklim.

Setidaknya, ada empat bukti Indonesia terdampak perubahan iklim berdasarkan data yang dipaparkan Siswanto. Berikut di bawah ini adalah buktinya.

1. Penyusutan es

Puncak tertinggi di Indonesia, Puncak Jaya di Pegunungan Jayawijaya di Papua, mengalami penyusutan es secara signifikan. Lapisan Es Abadi Jayawijaya bahkan diperkirakan akan hilang.

Salah satu penelitian tim BMKG yang bekerja sama dengan salah satu universitas di Amerika, melakukan ekspedisi untuk memonitoring ketebalan lapisan es yang masih dimiliki Puncak Jaya.

"Kita menyebutnya Lapisan Es Abadi Jayawijaya. Tetapi ternyata dari penelitian tim kami menunjukkan bahwa lapisan es yang kita miliki itu kemungkinan tidak akan abadi lagi, diprediksi di tahun 2020-2030 kemungkinan lapisan es itu akan makin berkurang bahkan habis," kata Siswanto.

2. Gas rumah kaca (GRK) meningkat

Peningkatan karbondioksida, metana, dan nitroksida berkontribusi besar atas terjadinya pemanasan global. Semakin menumpuk GRK di stratosfer kita maka akan semakin meningkat suhu permukaan Bumi.

Menurut Siswanto, sejauh ini tingkat GRK Indonesia memang masih berada di bawah rata-rata tingkat GRK global. Namun Indonesia pernah melampaui angka rata-rata GRK global pada tahun 2013, dan 2015-2016.

"Saat itu CO2 kita menanjak dibandingkan global karena terjadi kebakaran hutan dan lahan. Ketika terjadi kebakaran hutan dan lahan maka emisi GRK kita, konsentrasi CO2 makin meningkat dan menyebabkan atau berkaitan langsung dengan kejadian pemanasan global di dunia ini," ujarnya.

3. Suhu terus naik

Berdasarkan data, rata-rata suhu Indonesia masih berada di bawah rata-rata suhu secara global. Namun jika dilihat per lokasi, di wilayah seperti Jakarta, Surabaya, Semarang, Medan, dan kota-kota yang padat penduduk atau yang sangat kuat aktivitas urbanisasi maupun urban developmentnya, suhunya sudah melampaui global.

"Jakarta ini suhunya sudah lebih cepat dan lebih kuat 1,4 kali peningkatannya dibandingkan suhu global," Siswanto memberikan contoh.

Sebelum tahun 1950, sebenarnya suhu Indonesia terutama suhu Jakarta, masih berada di bawah rata-rata global maupun rata-rata Indonesia. Namun sejak 1962 hingga sekarang, suhu udara di Jakarta makin meningkat secara signifikan dan dia melampaui rata-rata Indonesia maupun global.

4. Penurunan tanah

Sudah banyak peneliti baik dari Indonesia maupun luar negeri yang mengungkapkan fakta adanya ground sinking atau penurunan tanah. Fakta-fakta ini juga yang memicu ungkapan, 'Jakarta akan tenggelam di 2030'.

Dalam sebuah studi, ada wilayah-wilayah yang penurunan tanahnya diprediksi sampai -4 meter. Ini memang belum terjadi, melainkan prediksi hingga tahun 2030.

Otak Manusia Menyusut Akibat Perubahan Iklim

Selain itu, terdapat problem penurunan tanah yang disebabkan oleh faktor mekanis di luar dari persoalan perubahan iklim dan pemanasan global. Hal ini berkaitan dengan kehidupan manusia dan tata kelola perkotaan kita.

"Penurunan tanah ini disebabkan dua hal besar. Pertama, karena pengangkatan atau pengambilan air tanah yang berlebihan. Kedua, akibat tekanan permukaan akibat dibangunnya gedung-gedung tinggi yang ada di wilayah-wilayah dekat pantai sehingga menyebabkan tanah makin mudah turun," kata Siswanto.

Sumber :

https://inet.detik.com/science/d-6887706/bukti-bahwa-perubahan-iklim-nyata-bencana-di-mana-mana.