Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) merupakan salah satu teknologi mitigasi pemanasan global dengan cara mengurangi emisi CO2 ke atmosfer. Teknologi ini merupakan rangkaian pelaksanaan proses yang terkait satu sama lain, mulai dari pemisahan dan penangkapan (capture) CO2 dari sumber emisi gas buang (flue gas), pengangkutan CO2 tertangkap ke tempat penyimpanan (transportation), dan penyimpanan ke tempat yang aman (storage).

Pemerintah mulai memetakan pengembangan teknologi carbon capture and storage yang digadang-gadang akan menjadi jalan baru bagi pemerintah dalam menarik investasi khususnya sektor industri untuk masuk ke Indonesia. Secara sederhana CCS adalah teknologi yang digunakan untuk menyimpan emisi CO2 dari kegiatan industri sehingga tidak mencemari udara.

CO2 yang diinjeksikan ke dalam tanah itu juga bisa mengisi pori-pori batuan. Dengan begitu, CO2 yang telah masuk ke dalam reservoir dipastikan tetap tersimpan dengan aman. Prospek bisnis dari sisi hulu penyedia CCS, adalah dari biaya penyimpanan CO2, biaya injeksi, maupun carbon credit.

Tahapan utama CCS terdiri dari:.

• Pertama, Capture (penangkapan): Tahap awal pemisahan CO2 dari bahan bakar atau gas buang pembakaran. CO2 yang ditangkap kemudian dikompresi menjadi cairan atau fluida superkritis.
• Kedua, Transport (transportasi): CO2 perlu diangkut menggunakan pipa khusus menuju lokasi penyimpanan.
• Ketiga, Storage (penyimpanan): CO2 superkritis disuntikkan ke dalam lapisan batuan yang berpori dan memiliki permeabilitas baik untuk penyimpanan jangka panjang.

Mengurangi emisi CO2 dalam jumlah besar membutuhkan pengendalian gas buang dari pembangkit listrik, namun hal ini tidaklah mudah. Gas buang biasanya memiliki tekanan rendah dan konsentrasi CO2 yang rendah, sehingga proses pemisahan memerlukan energi yang besar.

Meskipun memakan biaya yang sangat besar, biaya dari CCS dapat diturunkan apabila sudah diimplementasikan pajak karbon. Di negara-negara maju seperti Norwegia, teknologi CCS sudah termasuk lazim diimplementasikan sehingga biaya implementasi dapat ditekan drastis. Untuk mengantisipasi jika teknologi ini dijadikan semacam kewajiban untuk diimplementasikan di seluruh dunia oleh negara-negara maju, pembelajaran tentang implementasi CCS penting untuk dilakukan saat ini.

Menurut International Energy Agency (IEA), volume emisi CO2 akibat pembakaran bahan bakar fosil mencapai 56% dari total semua emisi global. Nilai ini berasal dari sekitar 7500 instalasi besar peng-emisi CO2 yang mengemisikan lebih dari 1000.000 ton CO2 setiap tahunnya. Kajian IEA lebih lanjut menyimpulkan bahwa dari jumlah tersebut, pembangkit listrik batubara (PLTU) merupakan sumber emisi utama yang mencapai lebih dari 60%. Selanjutnya PLTG 11% dan PLTD 7%. Sementara itu, industri lain menyumbang sekitar 3-7%.

Dalam upaya mencapai Net Zero Emission pada 2060, Indonesia berambisi mengembangkan teknologi CCS dan membentuk hub CCS. Inisiatif tersebut tidak hanya akan menampung CO2 domestik tetapi juga menggali kerja sama internasional. Sebab, hal ini menandakan era baru bagi Indonesia. CCS diakui sebagai ‘license to invest’ untuk industri rendah karbon seperti blue ammonia, blue hydrogen, dan advanced petrochemical. Inisiatif ini diharapkan tidak hanya membantu Indonesia dalam mencapai tujuan lingkungan global, tetapi juga mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan dan inovatif.

Kenyataan tersebut menjadikan tantangan ke depan yang harus diantisipasi agar dapat menciptakan proses penangkapan CO2 yang efektif dan efisien. Walaupun secara umum teknologi CCS cukup menjanjikan untuk dipergunakan dalam menangani sumber emisi CO2 yang besar, seperti pembangkit listrik berbahan bakar fosil atau industri besar lainnya. Namun masih banyak hal-hal yang perlu diselesaikan sebelum CCS dapat diterapkan secara penuh, seperti perbaikan teknologi, legalisasi dan pembiayaan.

Sumber :

https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/carbon-capture-and-storage-3-sistem-penangkapan-co2

https://ekonomi.republika.co.id/berita/s0teq3502/mengenal-carbon-capture-and-storage-yang-mau-dijadikan-ri-untuk-tarik-investasi-asing

https://umsu.ac.id/berita/carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-definisi-dan-peran-penting-di-indonesia/

http://pojokiklim.menlhk.go.id/read/potensi-dan-tantangan-implementasi-teknologi-carbon-capture-storage-untuk-mengurangi-emisi-karbon

https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20231222211626-532-1040916/apa-itu-carbon-capture-and-storage-yang-ditanya-gibran-ke-mahfud-md.

https://infobanknews.com/istilah-carbon-capture-storage-yang-disebut-gibran-ternyata-jadi-salah-satu-pendorong-ekonomi-ri/#google_vignette

https://news.detik.com/pemilu/d-7105112/apa-itu-carbon-capture-storage-istilah-yang-dipakai-gibran-di-debat.

https://www.liputan6.com/pemilu/read/5490847/istilah-carbon-capture-and-storage-dari-gibran-buat-masyarakat-kepo-ini-dia-artinya?page=2

Carbon Capture Technology & Converting CO2

Carbon Capture Technology & Converting CO2 into Something Useful

By George Vaniotis Ph.D. -August 25, 20220

Carbon Capture Technology

Carbon capture technology has been around for a while, with new advancements being developed to help combat climate change. Carbon capture and storage is a combination of technologies designed to prevent the release of CO2 generated through conventional power generation and industrial production processes and storing the CO2 in underground reservoirs. However, a recent discovery might allow that captured CO2 into valuable products while addressing climate change.

Existing Carbon Capture Technology

CO2 capture technology separates CO2 emissions from the environment and compresses them for storage in a suitable storage location. The compressed CO2 can be transported via pipeline or by traditional shipping methods. The captured CO2 can then be stored in abandoned oil and gas fields, deep saline formations, as well as no longer mineable coal seams. The primary reason CO2 is needed is to reduce emissions generated by industry and power generation, which would allow fossil fuel use to continue for the time being while still generating a significant decrease in CO2 emissions.

Several technologies are currently being employed in the capture, transport, and geological storage of CO2. Typically referred to as “capture technologies”, they can be grouped into three categories, depending on the industry targeted. Development of these technologies has primarily focused on the efficiency of removing CO2 from the other compounds usually emitted by the industrial process.

Post-Combustion: Post-combustion methods involve the capture of CO2 from gas streams produced after the combustion of fossil fuels or other carbon-based materials. The post-combustion separation process involves using solvents to separate carbon dioxide out of the gas and capture it. The thermodynamic driving force for this method is relatively low, typically less than 15%. Common applications for this technology include pulverized coal plants and natural gas combined cycle plants.

Pre-Combustion: This process removes CO2 from fossil fuels before combustion is completed. The fuel in the process is reacted with either steam, air, or oxygen and converted into a mix of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The carbon monoxide is then converted to CO2 and separated from the hydrogen, which can be used to generate power and/or heat. This process performs slightly better in terms of energy efficiency than post-combustion capture; however, while the energy demand is lower, the capital investment is larger due to the more complex installation.

Oxyfuel Combustion: The oxyfuel combustion process burns fuel using pure oxygen, or a mixture of oxygen and recirculated gas. This produces a flue containing mainly water vapor and a high concentration of CO2 (80%). Since the nitrogen component of air is not heated, fuel consumption is reduced, and higher flame temperatures are possible. The gas is then cooled to condense the water vapor, which leaves an almost pure stream of CO2.

Public Perception & Environmental Impact

With any new technology, there is always some public concern, as well as regulatory uncertainty in its initial stages. The primary concern with carbon capture technology is the storage of CO2 and the potential environmental impact it may cause. While modifications to international legislative provisions have been made recently to accommodate for the offshore storage of CO2, many apprehensions remain concerning storage liability, monitoring responsibility, and the transport of CO2. While general frameworks have been adopted in certain parts of the world, discussions are still ongoing in others, like the United States. According to scientists, this is partly due to the mixed public opinion on the technology, believed to be tied to a general lack of awareness. In fact, in several communities where CO2 storage projects were planned, local stakeholders have shown concern about the risks, leading to protests.

While carbon capture technology and storage can potentially significantly reduce CO2 emissions generated by industrial installations, it still poses a risk to the environment from possible leaks in transportation pipelines or storage sites. CO2 leaking from a pipeline entails similar risks to natural gas leaks, though CO2 is not flammable. Moreover, while not poisonous, it can lead to asphyxiation if the concentration in the air becomes high enough. As such, several countries have established regulatory standards for the transport and permanent storage of CO2. Negative environmental impacts can be associated with the toxicological impact related to the use of solvents to chemically trap the CO2 and the energy penalty required to operate the capture unit.

New Discovery

Engineers at the University of Cincinnati have developed a promising new CO2 conversion procedure that may make the process more economically viable for industries1. The method comprises an electrochemical system that converts emissions from chemical and power plants into useful by-products that can be used to generate new materials. Utilizing a two-step cascade reaction, this new technique converts carbon dioxide first into carbon monoxide and then into ethylene. Ethylene is an important industrial organic chemical that has been called “the world’s most important chemical”1. It’s used in the production of a range of plastics from water bottles to PVC pipe and textiles, to manufacture ethylene oxide, polyethylene for plastics, alcohol, and even rubber found in tires and insulation.

The significance of using a two-stage conversion process is that ethylene selectivity can be increased while also increasing productivity in a process that can be applied to various reactions, given its simple electrode structure. In the future, this technique can be used to reduce carbon emissions while also generating a profit for the industry, eliminating one of the main drawbacks of current carbon capture processes. However, the current process, using copper, requires more energy than it produces in ethylene. While great strides have been made in improving the process, more work still needs to be done, though a superior catalyst than copper would likely solve the economic issue.

Sumber :

https://blog.labtag.com/carbon-capture-technology-converting-co2-into-something-useful/